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[hal-05679169] Biodiversity impact of agricultural products in France: Greater differences across product types than food quality schemes
<div><p>Although agriculture contributes to four main drivers of biodiversity loss, the impact assessment of food products remains limited to either in situ measurements that preclude generalization or to systematic models that are not calibrated on in situ data. Here we describe the BVIAS (Biodiversity Value Increment from Agricultural Statistics) model, which estimates the biodiversity impact of food products using accountancy data and public statistics for use in environmental labeling schemes or other purposes. Going beyond existing methods, BVIAS accounts for the main drivers of biodiversity loss related to agriculture, relies on a large farm dataset (&gt;5,000 farms), and is calibrated using in situ data from the literature. We apply it to compare major Food Quality Schemes (FQSs) to their conventional counterparts. We show that only explicit requirements (e.g., ban on pesticides, grass-fed content) in FQS specifications lead to significant differences in practice. Consistent with the literature, we find that organic farms have a lower biodiversity impact on a per-hectare basis, as well as those producing Comté (Protected Designation of Origin), but lower yields offset this local benefit, resulting in a higher impact per ton. However, the biodiversity impact gap between product types (here milk vs. cereals) is far greater than the difference between FQS and conventional versions of the same product. This study highlights that, for environmental labeling, the distinction between product types is more important than the distinction between FQS and conventional.</p></div>
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sarah Huet) 03 Jul 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05679169v1
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[hal-05680867] Double claiming of agricultural carbon credits: time to stop worrying
In France, after seven years of the French “Low Carbon Label” (le Label bas carbone, LBC) certification scheme, there remains a systemic lack of funding for agricultural projects. The agri-food companies that would naturally be well placed to fund low-carbon agricultural projects are turning away from them and even discouraging their own suppliers from taking part in the LBC scheme. Among the reasons mentioned by the agri-food industries is the fear of “double claiming”. Agri-food companies fear being unable to account, in their scope 3 GHG inventory, for the emissions reductions and carbon removals achieved by their suppliers, once these are sold to a third party in the form of carbon credits. The GHG Protocol (GHGP) and the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) — two leading frameworks for private-sector decarbonisation — both restrict this “double claiming” in principle. Both frameworks require climate mitigation claims to be exclusive: the same emission reduction or carbon removal cannot be claimed simultaneously by the third party that purchases the carbon credit and by the agri-food company that records it in its scope 3 inventory to track progress towards its climate tar-gets. I4CE demonstrates that the prohibition of double claiming is, most often, neither justified nor operational. It is indeed men-tioned in the texts of the GHGP and the Sbti. But it goes against the very logic of scope 3 account-ing. And the conditions required to trigger an ac-counting adjustment are rarely met. • A rule structurally ill-suited to scope 3. Scope 3 is by nature “the realm of double counting”: a reduction or removal achieved by a farmer mechanically appears in the scope 3 of all its downstream customers. It is a fundamental property of this kind of accounting, explicitly recognised by the GHGP itself, not an anomaly. Financing a reduction does not imply monopolizing its accounting effects. The prohibition of double claiming confuses the “active” claim made by a funder, who asserts to have made an emissions reduction or carbon removal possible, with the “passive” claim of a GHG inventory, which merely takes a snapshot of physical GHG flows. • Tracking progress towards corporate targets is a borderline case. When a company sets a mitigation target and tracks progress via its GHG inventory, the GHGP prohibits it from counting an emissions reduction or carbon removal if the corresponding carbon credits have been sold to a third party. This is understandable. But the same logic should equally exclude reductions and removals attributable to climate change or to a supplier's autonomous initiative, both pervasive in scope 3. I4CE favours the opposite approach: measuring progress based on physical GHG inventory, regardless of who funded the reductions or removals. This approach is imperfect in attributional terms but is both consistent and operational. • An unworkable rule that even the standards themselves apply only under rarely met conditions. To avoid double claiming, a company should theoretically reintegrate into its GHG inventory the emissions corresponding to the credits sold. But this adjustment is only required when the company has precise enough data to "see" the reduction at the farm level, which is rarely the case, since agri-food inventories rely on statistical averages. Moreover, this rule is unverifiable, given the lack of physical traceability and the absence of cross-verification between credit registries and scope 3 inventories. • A self-defeating rule penalizing farmers. As a precaution, some agrifood companies dissuade their farmers from joining third-party carbon certification projects or impose exclusivity clauses that prevent them from accessing climate finance, without any solid legal or moral justification. A blockage that can be overcome without delay. No legal obligation under French law requires the exclusivity of carbon claims between a scope 3 inventory and the sale of credits outside the value chain. Existing frameworks are sufficient: 4 June 2026 French regulatory GHG inventories, as well as the CSRD, already separate the GHG inventory from the disclosure of credits and project financing. I4CE recommends that European regulations (ESRS and CRCF) clarify that an emissions reduction or a carbon removal that has generated a carbon credit may legitimately appear in the scope 3 inventory that an agri-food company publishes under the CSRD, regardless of who funded that credit. This falls under the “passive” claim, the mere observation of physical flows, and not under the “active” claim of the funder. The sale of a credit by a supplier therefore does not require its downstream customers to adjust their scope 3 inventory, and the obstacle is lifted without undermining the integrity of reporting.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Clothilde Tronquet) 06 Jul 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05680867v1
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[hal-05674955] Anatomy of an Urban Food Supply in the Global South—The Case of Vegetable Supply to Hanoi City
Documenting urban food supply systems is essential for understanding their functioning, impacts, and future evolution. While this task is a critical step in implementing urban food policies, it faces significant challenges—particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Through a case study of Hanoi, Vietnam, we use diverse empirical data sources to tackle the issue. We quantify the urban food supply system of Hanoi for one key product: fresh vegetables. By combining multiple investigative methods, we employ social network analysis to map the intermediary networks connecting production and consumption. Volume of food flows moving through different supply channels and the spatial expansion of the entire system have been determined. Our findings reveal that Hanoi currently sources vegetables from a vast area, encompassing all of northern Vietnam and parts of China. While local production (within Hanoi) still accounts for 46% of the supply, most locally grown vegetables pass through intermediaries—such as wholesalers, retailers, and street vendors. These intermediaries play a crucial role by bringing fresh produce closer to consumers, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the supply chain. The results align with predictions from previous research, indicating that food supply systems in Southern cities are increasingly following trends observed in Northern cities as urbanization progresses. We recommends that future food policies should explicitly address the role of middlemen, particularly street vendors. The roles and contributions of these informal operators to the urban food systems of the Global South should be formally recognized.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hai Vu Pham) 30 Jun 2026
https://institut-agro-dijon.hal.science/hal-05674955v1
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[hal-05696346] Towards pollinator stewardship in all policies: Policy incoherence in the EU is a major barrier to pollinator restoration
Pollinators are critical for Europe’s resilience of vital societal functions, competitiveness, and food security. Pollinators are crucial for crop production, wild plant reproduction and evolution, ecosystem resilience, food security, food cultures, terrestrial nature conservation, subsistence, human health and wellbeing, competitiveness, the economy, landscape aesthetics and local identity, sense of belonging and nature connectedness, and ultimately contribute to security and political stability. Europe’s dependency on pollinators has increased over the past decades. Integration of pollinator stewardship across policy areas that affect pollinators is indispensable to achieving the EU’s binding targets for restoring pollinator diversity and reversing pollinator decline. Key policy areas that require pollinator stewardship include: agriculture, environment, chemicals, research and innovation, trade, finance, planning, legislation and education. Europe is rich in wild pollinator species, but these are threatened by multiple pressures. The largest groups of wild pollinators are moths &amp; butterflies, followed by beetles, wasps &amp; bees, and flies. They are all essential to natural ecosystems, and many are crucial for cultivated landscapes, agriculture, and forestry. Many wild pollinator species are in decline, and many are unique to the European continent, placing a particular responsibility on European countries to act. Managed honeybees are considered livestock and are not in decline, but face colony health problems in many European countries. Multiple complexly interacting drivers and pressures cause pollinator loss. Pressures include: land-use change, unsustainable agricultural and forestry practices, pesticides, climate change, reactive nitrogen, many other chemical pollutants, light pollution, global nutrient dilution, inadequate management of road and railway verges and dikes. These pressures result from historical, cultural, social, political and economic drivers. These drivers take their roots in societal values and worldviews, with instrumental valuations of nature being currently dominant in Europe. Implementing the EU’s binding targets for pollinator restoration calls for an approach that tackles all pressures and drivers simultaneously across many sectors of human activities. Currently, numerous incoherent and sometimes conflicting policies affecting pollinators hinder or counteract pollinator restoration. There is therefore an urgent need to assess, highlight and address this policy incoherence, jeopardising pollinator biodiversity and EU policy goals. Doing so requires addressing the functioning of the EU, including siloed governance structures, limited stakeholder ownership, ongoing conflicts between short-term production goals and the need to maintain pollination services as a public good, fragmented responsibilities across sectors, top-down policy design, weak coordination between administrations, and insufficient adaptation to local context. A systemic multi-actor approach is essential to achieve the sustainable supply of pollination services for agriculture, forestry, and wild plant communities. Sustainable solutions explicitly integrate agronomic, economic, ecological, and social dimensions. This is hindered by siloed governance structures. Insufficient eco-literacy and educational gaps also contribute to siloed thinking and to the underdevelopment of human and social resources and capacities at many levels. Multi-actor approaches require recognising and addressing power imbalances to ensure that diverse actors can access policymaking, including holders of relational values to pollinators, these being the most marginalised at the EU policy level. Pollinator decline needs a globally coordinated policy response. Via a complex network of industrial, agri-food and trade links, the effects of pollinator loss in non-EU countries will not only affect countries where they occur but can have far-reaching impacts on many pollinator-dependent supply chains that are critical for the EU. Failure to halt and reverse wild pollinator declines and threats to managed honeybee colony health poses considerable risks for human food security and nutrition, and linked economic supply chains and sectors that depend on pollination of flowering plants (e.g. medicine, food supplements, biomass energy, biomaterials, textiles, fodder, cosmetics, decoration, art, culture, and tourism). Unexploited synergies between pollinator restoration and other policy domains are opportunities for policy wins. For instance, pollinators are critical to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and many of the SDGs are critical to pollinator restoration. Many policies and regulatory measures currently lack sufficient consideration of pollinator stewardship, but significantly affect pollinators. These include the common agricultural policy (CAP) regulation of pesticides, biocides and other chemicals, the Food and Feed Omnibus, the Environment Omnibus, the regulation on the marketing of seeds, and the regulation on new genomic techniques.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Peter van Der Sluijs) 17 Jul 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05696346v1
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[tel-05662420] « Heureusement qu'il y a la Suisse ». Reproduction et recompositions des classes populaires dans les espaces désindustrialisés frontaliers
Cette thèse vise à comprendre la genèse de la condition ouvrière frontalière en Suisse, à réinscrire ce projet migratoire dans des trajectoires collectives, resituées dans un espace local et appréhendées sur le temps long, et à éclairer les recompositions des classes populaires produites par ces migrations dans les mondes ruraux désindustrialisés, à partir d’une enquête ethnographique « armée par les statistiques » et menée dans une région proche de la Suisse. Ce travail différencie d’abord plusieurs espaces sociaux locaux, proches ou éloignés de la Suisse, et décrit les différentes populations frontalières qui y vivent. Loin de la Suisse, dans les « marges », l’essor récent de migrations frontalières de travail est indissociable de la désindustrialisation et résulte de projets migratoires construits au travail. Ceux-ci sont néanmoins incertains et inégalement accessibles aux ouvrier·es. À l’inverse, près de la frontière, les familles autochtones présentent des socialisations frontalières plus élaborées, constitutives d’un capital d’autochtonie spécifique. Enfin, à partir d’une scène populaire du hors-travail, la thèse permet de redéfinir relationnellement le statut social de « frontalier ». En comparant ce nouveau modèle de réussite à d’autres positions concurrentes, l’enquête met en évidence la manière dont ceux qui l’adoptent parviennent à justifier leur enrichissement relatif et à se (re)construire une légitimité populaire.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alexandre Barbet) 18 Jun 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-05662420v1
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[hal-05642181] The Rise of Green Regions: Do Leaders Matter?
The paper studies the emergence of environmental policies and green places, where regional governments are strategic actors in the green transition. We build a tractable quantitative spatial general equilibrium model in which regions with heterogeneous sizes, income, and environmental awareness compete to attract users of sustainable transport modes through environmental subsidies. We show that environmental awareness interacts with regional size to generate asymmetric policy adoption. Early adopters reshape the diffusion process: regions with large populations or high awareness emerge as green leaders that stimulate subsequent adoption through interregional competition. Once fully green, however, these leaders slow the transition of follower regions. An empirical application to French regions shows that completing the green transition requires a large increase in environmental expenditure, from negligible observed levels to about 13% of existing local tax revenues. It also reveals asymmetric leadership spillovers: early entrants not only accelerate adoption but also raise environmental policy in other regions, while early green transitions mainly delay convergence with limited effects on policy intensity.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Tidiane Ly) 03 Jun 2026
https://univ-paris-dauphine.hal.science/hal-05642181v1
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[hal-05648572] Principles for guiding and unlocking transformation of the European Union agrifood system
European agrifood systems face many challenges and dilemmas regarding sustainability, resilience and competitiveness. Through consultations with scientific experts, we identified five systemic lock-ins (governance and policy fragmentation; behavioural and dietary challenges; political economy and market dynamics; unaccountability and environmental degradation; disruption and unpredictability as the new norm) hindering agrifood systems transformation. Based on concrete examples, we propose five guiding principles that, in various combinations, can help address lock-ins and guide effective changes towards more healthy and sustainable food systems. Their successful implementation requires strong, experience-inspired, science-based political and business leadership supported by a revised research and innovation agenda.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jørgen E. Olesen) 08 Jun 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05648572v1
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[hal-05615322] Strategic free-riding in pest control: Theory and evidence in organic-conventional mixed landscapes
Organic and conventional farmers face the same pests but differ in technologies and economic incentives to control them. This paper theoretically and empirically characterizes the strategic interactions for pest control between these two types of farmers within mixed organic-conventional landscapes. Our non-cooperative game model shows that each farmer type is expected to strategically free-ride on the other’s control efforts when managing a sufficiently small share of the landscape, and that the extent of free-riding increases with lower pest pressure, higher relative treatment costs, and lower treatment efficacy. Using exhaustive French postcode-level data on insecticide purchases against the vector of a vine disease (Flavescence dorée), we provide empirical support for all our theoretical propositions. Our preferred estimates indicate that organic farmers free-ride on conventional farmers’ efforts until they reach about 8% of the landscape. Beyond this threshold, organic treatments only partially substitute for reduced conventional treatments, up to a point where conventional farmers may eventually free-ride if the organic landscape share becomes large enough. Consistent with the model’s predictions, high pest pressure substantially reduces the scope for free-riding, while differences in relative treatment costs and treatment efficacy also affect its extent, though to a lesser degree.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (François Bareille) 07 May 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05615322v1
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[hal-05649339] Introduction to the special issue: Recent advances in spatial statistics and spatial econometrics - selected papers from the 22nd International Workshop on Spatial Econometrics and Statistics (SEW 2024)
Introduction to the special issue: Recent advances in spatial statistics and spatial econometrics - selected papers from the 22nd International Workshop on Spatial Econometrics and Statistics (SEW 2024).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Adélaïde Fadhuile) 09 Jun 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05649339v1
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[hal-05674275] Evaluating fiscal equalization in France: Redistributive performance, cost-efficiency, and needs alignment
This paper assesses the redistributive performance, cost-efficiency, and needs-alignment of fiscal equalization in France at the municipal and intermunicipal levels over 2016–2025. Using population-weighted Gini indices, we quantify the contribution of major vertical and horizontal transfers to fiscal inequality reduction and compute their implicit budgetary cost per unit of redistribution. We further decompose disparities across socio-economic territorial clusters and examine whether the allocation of the main vertical grant reflects the structural determinants of municipal spending. We show that while the main vertical grant produces the largest absolute reduction in fiscal inequality, the most intensely equalizing instruments are the Rural Solidarity Grant (DSR/RSG) and the horizontal mechanisms, which achieve substantial redistribution relative to their modest financial envelopes. By contrast, the Compensation Grant (DC/CG) exerts a counter-equalizing effect, amplifying disparities due to its legacy-based allocation logic. Inequality decomposition reveals that a large share of fiscal disparities persists within socio-economic territorial clusters, with only selected instruments significantly reducing structural divides. Finally, the allocation of the DGF/GOG is overwhelmingly driven by fiscal capacity correction, while several empirically significant spending determinants receive limited weight, indicating that revenue equalization dominates cost equalization in the French system.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Laure Breuillé) 30 Jun 2026
https://institut-agro-dijon.hal.science/hal-05674275v1
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[hal-05667112] Soigner les animaux avec des plantes.Savoirs pratiques, savoirs experts.
La communication vise à rendre compte du renouveau de la phytothérapie pour soigner les animaux à la ferme à partir des années 1990, en s'intéressant à deux espaces: celui des éleveurs et de leur travail de soins du bétail, et celui de la profession vétérinaire et de ses divisions autour de la légitimité des médecines alternatives.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucile Benoit) 23 Jun 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05667112v1
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[hal-05690961] Regards croisés sur l'agroécologisation de l'expérimentation à INRAE : basculement ou bousculement ?
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Floriane Derbez) 13 Jul 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05690961v1
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[hal-05620993] Future development of ecological agriculture and regional impacts: stakeholders' perception in three French regions
This paper explores possible future development of ecological approaches to farming in ten years' time and their environmental and socio-economic effects, as perceived by stakeholders, in three French regions (Puy-de-Dôme, Ille-et-Vilaine and Sarthe). Stakeholder perceptions are assessed with Q-methodology, a method that investigates similar or diverging subjective perspectives held by groups of stakeholders who are experts on the topics investigated. The method allows identify and describe several perspectives shared by experts on the future of farming practices and their environmental and socio-economic impacts for the three regions. Our study highlights the complexity of predicting the future shape of a region's agriculture and rural economy, as it depends on current trends in the region, the region's characteristics, as well as on the experts participating in the study. However, despite contradicting trends, one convergence of perception is found in terms of additional skills that will be needed on farms in the future.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kassoum Ayouba) 13 May 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05620993v1
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[hal-05618398] Assessing the impact of separate biowaste collection on residual household waste an analysis at the French intermunicipal level
This study evaluates the effectiveness of separate biowaste collection implemented by French local authorities by assessing its impact on the quantities of residual household waste collected per capita. Using a staggered Difference-in-Differences approach, we first examine the dynamic effect of biowaste separation policies on residual household waste. We then explore the heterogeneity of this effect across various economic and sociodemographic contexts, as well as under different waste pricing systems. Our findings reveal that, in the period following adoption, there was a significant average reduction of approximately 19.56 kg per capita in residual household waste among intermunicipal entities that implemented separate biowaste collection. However, this initial reduction is not sustained over time. The heterogeneity analysis shows that low-density areas and intermunicipal entities with limited tourist accommodations experience larger reductions in residual household waste after implementing separate biowaste collection, compared to high-density and high-tourism areas. Furthermore, our results suggest that incentive-based pricing systems significantly contribute to reducing residual household waste. Based on these results, we suggest ways to improve local public waste management policies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Aissatou Ndimblane) 11 May 2026
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05618398v1
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[hal-05596618] Requalifier l’écologie : morales de classe et confrontations sociales
Ce numéro double propose d’analyser l’écologie à partir des confrontations sociales qu’elle engendre et au sein desquelles se redéfinissent des manières de faire groupe et de se positionner. Loin d’un processus homogène, l’écologisation apparaît comme une dynamique relationnelle faite de requalifications réciproques : elle transforme les pratiques et les positions sociales, tout en étant elle-même continuellement redéfinie par les groupes qui s’en saisissent, la contestent ou l’instrumentalisent. À partir d’enquêtes empiriques variées, les contributions montrent comment les engagements militants, les politiques publiques ou les milieux professionnels produisent des écologies en concurrence. Ce dossier met en évidence le rôle central des morales de classe dans ces confrontations, qui tracent les frontières de l’acceptable ou l’inacceptable face aux écocides contemporains. La dernière partie revient sur les apports de l’histoire environnementale pour inscrire ces dynamiques dans une temporalité longue en exposant les continuités entre écologisation, requalification morale et conflictualité sociale.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Collectif Classes Vertes) 20 Apr 2026
https://hal.science/hal-05596618v1
